Physics Behind the Dambuster’s Bouncing Bomb

Material science Behind the Dambuster’s Bouncing Bomb Brookie Trant Presentation The Dambuster Raid and the skipping bomb assumed a key job in WW2. The point was to disturb modern efficiency of Germany. The Raid was likewise a very much advanced example of overcoming adversity when Britain was extended to limit during the war. The bomb was utilized to annihilate the Mohne and the Edersee Dams and flood the Ruhr Valley, consequently pulverizing an enormous extent of the Germans fabricating power; along these lines having the ideal thump on impacts for the German war exertion. The bomb was at first brought about by Dr Barnes Wallis in April 1942 of every a paper he composed called ‘spherical bomb †surface torpedo’[1]. The idea was then taken up via Air Chief Marshal the Hon Sir Ralph Cochrane of the Royal Air Force a solid backer of exactness bombarding. Additionally critical to carrying the idea to realization was Air Marshal Arthur Harris leader of Bomber Command. Through these compelling authorities Wallis’ thought was brought to an advisory group and it given the thumbs up. Wallis confronted a scope of down to earth issues, for example, the size-to-weight proportion of the bomb with the capacity of the airplane to genuinely lift and convey it; how much reverse-pivot was should have been granted to the bomb with the end goal for it to have a controlled and precise flight; speed of flight; range from which to drop it and the speed of the airplane at purpose of conveyance. Every one of these elements should have been comprehended and defeated all together that the bomb could be conveyed to the ideal point on the dam divider and afterward exploded. In addressing this inquiry this investigation will think about four key factors: the weapon plan, the conveyance of the weapon, the explosion and how these had an incredible enough effect to annihilate the dam. It is helpful now to qualify the meaning of the ricocheting bomb. The utilization of skipping to portray the Operation Chastise bomb is free. The material science of bobbing by definition requires a degree of flexibility which as the item hits a strong, a liquid or a powder brings about a perpetual or non-lasting change in the articles structure (versatility). This doesn’t happen with the ‘bouncing’ bomb. It is smarter to characterize the Chastise Bomb as ricocheting however with the end goal of this examination the expression skipping bomb will be used[2]. Weapon Design This was the place the bomb began. A key region which should have been tended to was the state of the bomb. This had a significant job in giving a solid and effective bomb. This area clarifies the thinking behind the barrel shaped shape and how this influenced the bombs conveyance. The state of the bomb was a key issue. Wallis’ beginning preliminaries utilized circular models, so indistinguishable contact with the water would be made all through its flight; anyway the ricochets were regularly excessively erratic because of discharge and water surface conditions. In this way, to accomplish more noteworthy soundness Wallis explored different avenues regarding a round and hollow bomb. This nullified the unconventionality however didn't settle the issues of direction and keeping it level. He understood that by utilizing reverse-pivot these issues could be survived. Reverse-pivot was likewise a key angle in the conveyance of the weapon to the explosion point. This crucial angle will be additionally talked about in this investigation in the conveyance technique segment. Once at the purpose of explosion the bomb was required to detonate submerged. On blast a stun wave would be made, enough to destabilize the dam divider. The heaviness of water would then give the break. Wallis began with attempting to locate the right estimations for the measure of hazardous expected to breech the dam. He utilized a model on a size of 1/17 of the genuine article. He at that point utilized 100g of gelignite 1.2m away from the divider giving a similar impact as a 10 ton bomb 60m away from the dam. This had no impact. He proceeded with his preliminaries until he accomplished 150g of touchy 0.3m away from the dam, which implied that he needed to utilize 13 tons of unstable 15m away from the dam. At the point when downsized up, this would require 18 tons of packaging which would give a 31 ton bomb to coordinate the impact required. This was a fundamentally bigger bomb that could be dropped by the airplane to be utilized. Plainly he would need to locate an alternate strate gy. He decreased the mass to 4.3 tons and would utilize numerous bombs to breech the dam[3]. The last elements of the bomb were 60 inches in length and 50 inches wide[4]. This is generally 1.52m long and 1.27m in width, with a last weight of 9,250[5]. See figure 1. Conveyance Method His next issue was working out speed of the bombs, how far over the surface they should have been dropped, the good ways from the dam and the most ideal approach to control the skips of the bomb. His first preliminaries were led in quite a while garden at home. He terminated marbles over a container of water to see whether it would bob off the surface. It worked and he could control the skip by modifying the launch. He currently expected to find on the off chance that he could control the bomb when it was utilizing different skips. For this he required a marginally bigger mechanical assembly and utilized an immense boat tank at Teddington. Beginning with a circular bomb, he tried diverse size-to-weight proportions and by utilizing reverse-pivot he could control the bobs. This likewise helped the bomb to soak in an anticipated way when it arrived at the divider. Here he had achievement, anyway Wallis found the trip of the bomb was regularly erratic. He found on the off chance that he expanded the mass fundamentally it turned out to be progressively steady anyway for reasons previously expressed a bigger bomb was unrealistic. Wallis had understood that solidness could be accomplished by utilizing a round and hollow packaging and bestowing reverse-pivot. This would keep the barrel on its hub and prevent it from inclining and consequently follow its right direction. Much like a child’s turning top toy, the more reverse-pivot you gave the bomb the harder it is thump it off its hub, this is rakish force (this is clarified in the section underneath). He tried the thought in the tank evaluating the various insurgencies. He additionally found that by fluctuating the size-to-weight proportion of the chambers he could keep a 5 ton barrel level on the water and afterward get it to turn down the dam once it hit the water[6]. Additionally by quickly turning the gadget in reverse this would check the forward speed of the airplane. Wallis determined what number of skips would be required before arriving at the dam. This estimation expected to incorporate the drop good ways from the dam, the height of the airplan e and its forward speed. Significantly with each skip the bomb would ease back because of the thickness of the water and the drag impact that it had. Utilizing this condition Wallis had the option to compute the speed of the turn to guarantee that the bomb had eased back down to very nearly zero speed when it came to the dam[7]. He estimated that the chamber would should be going at 450 to 500 cycles for every minute2 so as to accomplish this impact. Precise energy has a similar job as straight force yet in revolution. The condition for rakish force is. The condition for straight force is â€Å"†. In the condition for rakish force the ‘I’ replaces the ‘m’ and the ‘ï‰â€™ replaces the ‘v’. The ‘I’ is the snapshot of latency which is an items hesitance to change its condition of rotational motion[8]. The condition for the snapshot of dormancy changes with the various shapes it is following up on. For a chamber the snapshot of dormancy is. This implied by expanding the mass and the sweep the snapshot of inactivity will build making it increasingly steady. Anyway Wallis was confined by the size of the planes and their capacity to convey a substantial bomb. So he utilized the biggest measurement as could be expected under the circumstances and afterward put most of the heaviness of the bomb as near the edge of the chamber as could reasonably be expected. Along the se lines it would have a similar impact as a flywheel giving the barrel bunches of energy. The ‘ï‰â€™ is the precise speed which is the way snappy the chamber is turning its unit is rad s-1. The condition for ω is which appears as you increment the recurrence then the ω will increment by a significant sum. At the point when you put the snapshot of idleness and precise speed together you get the rakish energy of a pivoting object. It likewise gives you that by expanding the rakish speed makes it significantly more hard to thump the barrel off its pivot. Returning to the turning top the quicker you turn it the more troublesome it becomes to thump it over. This is the thing that gave the bobbing bomb a spotless flight and ensured that it stayed on course and didn’t tilt off its pivot. The reverse-pivot had an auxiliary impact. By dropping the bomb without reverse-pivot the gadget would normally get a turning impact through the even hub the other way; the net aftereffect of this would be that the bomb would not slow in a uniform or unsurprising way and in this manner likely jump out over the dam instead of easing back and dropping down within face. Forward turning the bomb would have a comparable impact to that accomplished by a bike wheel being moved at a control. It needs to keep going[9]. There is a third impact accomplished by granting reverse-pivot. This is the key relationship that Wallis would have known about and used to ascertain speed, stature and turning impact. This impact is the Kuttas Lift Theorem or the Kuttaâ€Joukowski Theorem. Created by German Martin Wihelm Kutta and Russian Nikolai Zhukovsky (Joukowski), in the mid twentieth century, the hypothesis exhibits the streamlined connection between lift, speed of a turning chamber and thickness of the substance it is traveling through (air or fluid)[10]. This hypothesis here and there known as the Magnus impact when applied to the states of the Dam Buster strike permitted the bomb to ‘crawl’ down the substance of the dam divider. The water encompassing the chamber related to the back turn caused striking hydrodynamic fo

Sociology and Language free essay sample

The essence of sociolinguistics is society +language=sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics and phonetics There are numerous sociolinguistics who might likewise call themselves etymologists. ?The topic of who is communist and who isn't neither intriguing nor significant. ?Semantics contrasts from sociolinguistics in considering just the structure of language to the prohibition of the social setting in which it is found out and use. ?The undertaking of the etymology is to work out the principles of language, after that sociolinguistics concentrate any focuses at which these guidelines make setting with society. ?Diverse elective method of communicating something very similar , taken/picked by various social gathering. (nature of sociolinguistics) ? Various social orders use dialects which show their conduct. ?In the present current society, socio is discipline which depends on religious and exact. ?In sociolinguistics language hypothesis and language behaviorism are examined: Example Language hypothesis: ?Pashto articulated ? forceful ? French language ? obligingness This is hypothesis however when we go to demonstrate it become commonsense. We will compose a custom paper test on Humanism and Language or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ?Hypothesis + viable = proposition (sociolinguistics) ?There is a two path connection among language and society: 1. On the base of language we surmise culture. 2. On the base of culture we induce language. Connection among humanism and phonetics Sociology: It is an investigation of society (behaviorism, mentality, social standard, living style, administering and relations and so on). Etymology: The set example of language which incorporates sentence structure, semantics and so on †¦ ?Linguistics talk about syntax (thing, pronoun,†¦) however sociolinguistics talk about the social utilization of these words. Model: If a Urdu language specialist instruct Urdu to any outsider ( , ). These are the thing which language specialist let him know. Be that as it may, sociolinguistics will disclose to him how to utilize it in the public eye. ?Somewhat humanism and semantics so one next to the other. An educator ought realize the syntax as well as to utilize it in various setting. Utilization and Use Usage: Discussing the endorse rule of the language. This will be of significant use for language specialist. Use: Practical or real use of endorse use, this will be of significant utilization of sociolinguist. ?The utilization of language alludes to the general public which goes under society. ?On the off chance that we talk about the utilization of language, it fundamentally social use so we connect up this social use with the human science. ?At the point when we talk about human science we characterize one society to another. Separation of Pakistani society: A. Landowners B. Civil servants C. Agents D. Government officials E. Proficient individuals F. Workers/rancher G. Hobos ?All of these gatherings have various dialects. Everybody has his own language as indicated by the level. ?Sociolinguistics study the utilization of language in various setting of society. 1. 2 Sociolinguistic wonders A conjured up universe Pakistani society contrast and such a general public which really don't exist . By contrasting we accompany know the connection of language with specific culture. Each general public has normal limits. These limits imply that no others can come and join. Society and culture is influenced by language when we utilized distinctive language together (English+ Hindi ruin pet lang) Example: (may nay ik picture banaye roughage) Linguist can't decide from which society it has a place.

Parliamentary vs Presidential Governments Free Essays

In a majority rule government there are two most well known kinds of government: presidential and parliamentary. They are to some degree comparative, however their branches, executive,legislative, and legal, work distinctively and are liable for very various occupations. Most European nations run by the parliamentary frameworks, for example, Britain, since it used to be government. We will compose a custom article test on Parliamentary versus Presidential Governments or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Indeed, even now the Great Britain has a Queen Elizabeth II. Nations like the United States are ran by the presidential type of government. The most noteworthy distinction in the Parliamentary type of government versus the Presidential is that the president is both the CEO and the head of state. The President has the ability to veto laws, execute the guidelines of Congress when it announces war, has the privilege to support the settlements without the legislature’s consent. The president has the privilege to convey military, yet can't announce war. Parliamentary framework partitions the CEO and the head of state into two separate workplaces. The CEO is generally the Prime Minister and the head of state is the president. In Britain, for instance, the CEO is the Prime Minister, and the head of state is the sovereign Elizabeth II. The Prime Minister is generally the most elevated political expert in the nation and is the leader of the Cabinet, or the official office. He does all the dynamic, supports laws, chooses all the clergymen and the Cabinet individuals, has power to control all the legislative offices. another huge distinction between the two governments is the means by which they get chose. In Presidential government, for instance in the United States, the possibility for administration is being chosen by the Cabinet or the Senate, further to be chosen by the votes of the country. The Prime Minister, as in Britain, is chosen by the Cabinet. Individuals don't decide in favor of him, yet they do decide in favor of the congressmen, who may before long become the Prime Minister. The President and the Prime Minister are the two individuals with the most experts in their nation, and both can be excused anytime by the Cabinet. The Presidential framework and the Parliamentary framework vary in every nation, on the grounds that every nation has its own constitution. For instance in Great Brittan, the individual with the most authority is the Prime Minister, yet in Russia, it is the President, even idea Russia has a Prime Minister. The two majority rule governments work a similar way, just individuals with similar titles do various occupations, and individuals with comparative employments have an alternate title. The most effective method to refer to Parliamentary versus Presidential Governments, Papers

Colonialism and Morality in The Moonstone and The Man Who...

Colonialism and Morality in The Moonstone and The Man Who Would Be King Let us presuppose to begin with that the cursed jewel is an impossibility and the powers of the Moonstone or any other gem for that matter only exist on an atomic level ( i.e. the energies which bind such objects together and make them what they are). Additionally it should be considered that no such object is the means by which a being exerts powers and no such object consciously exerts powers itself. Notions of the cursed or powerful jewel can be seen as a bi-product of what Said terms â€Å"Orientalism.† Said describes â€Å"The Orient† as â€Å"almost a European invention,† a place of â€Å"exotic beings and remarkable experiences.† (Ashcroft et al ed. p.87) This hypothesis†¦show more content†¦The Moonstone is a narrative device which illuminates the text in multiple ways. Such a device remains popular in western adventure literature and film, whether in the form of an Egyptian scarab or a monkey’s claw. The mystical object with powerful properties is involved in adventure tales from Conan-Doyle through Indiana Jones, even one of the most famous of modern legends the fates of Carter and Caernarfon excavators of Tutankahmun’s tomb involves a curse and shameful Orientalism. Perhaps the best indicator of such notions becoming part of western folklore is when they become utilised as simple metaphor. This is apparent in John Huston’s 1975 film version of Rudyard Kipling’s The Man Who Would Be King. The desire of the central protagonists; Peachy Carnahan and Daniel Dravitt to become â€Å"Kings† of an isolated region of the Indian sub-continent is built upon by the abundance of treasures that becomes available to them, an aspect absent from Kipling’s original tale. Huston’s version increases the greed of the t wo adventurers which in turn provides a more satisfying justification of their fates than we receive in the original short story. Whilst admiring giant rubies Huston’s Peachy remarks â€Å"All we need do is fill our pockets and we’d be millionaires.† Dravitt then retorts that if they stayed they would be â€Å"Kings.† Carnahan subsequently

The Law Enforcement Operations Model - 1619 Words

As discussed in the next section, some critics of these types of responses to transnational terrorism argue that a law enforcement operations model should be applied rather than the law of armed conflict because of the nature of the operations that are involved. For instance, Kels notes that human rights advocates â€Å"insist upon a legal geography of war, whereby states must apply a law enforcement (rather than armed conflict) model to any hostilities conducted outside of universally recognized hot battlefields like Afghanistan† (B3). This approach, however, ignores the realities of military operations on the ground and consequences of using a law enforcement operations model rather than the law of armed conflict to control these efforts (Kels B3). As Kels points out, â€Å"Holding a drone operator, fighter pilot or sailor directing ordnance at an overseas terrorist hideout to the same detain-first, shoot-last standards as a Metro police officer would negate the very purpos e of the weapons system, which is precisely the goal of some activists† (B3). Indeed, rather than improving America’s opportunities to apply FSW to eliminate threats emanating from other countries that are unable or unwilling to stop them, these arguments only add further fuel to the anti-drone rhetoric in ways that may even encourage additional terrorist incursions from abroad. Law Enforcement Operations (LEO) Law is both a context for the application of power and at the same time, an instrument of power. 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Own Story Essay Example For Students

Own Story Essay Bzzzzzzzzz!!! the alarm rang. Small dirty hands hit the off switch and gotout of bed. The scrawny boy walked over to the window in his old spider-manpajamas and looked outside. Everything was white as far as the eyes could see. The ground was covered with a silky smooth blanket of fresh new snow, whichconcealed the old brown sheet from the week before. By the driveway the top ofan open house peered out from the snow. After changing, the little childproceeded down the brown carpeted stairs which spit up dust with every step hetook. The walls of the old house were maroon with an occasional faded outline ofan old picture. The hardwood floors were also barren and would creak with everystep. The boy walked into the kitchen, turned on the stove and placed a griddleover it. Next he opened the old fashioned refrigerator. The light insideflickered on and off as he reached for the eggs and bacon. He shut the door andheaded over to the counter where he placed the egg carton and bacon. His nimblehands picked up three slices of bacon and broke two eggs on the griddle. The panwas not warm so the eggs and bacon just sat there. Suddenly the boy heard a cardoor slam and people talking. He looked out the window and saw two w omen headingtowards the front door. The shy boy quickly turned around and ran out the backdoor. The people outside trudged through the thick heavy snow towards the frontdoor. They reached the doorstep of the off-white house, and rammed the rustyknocker against the forest green door. The knock let out a loud hollow echo. They stood in the cold waiting for someone to open the door, but after fiveminutes they decided to invite themselves into the house. Hello? one womanshouted. They waited for an answer but only heard the crackling of bacon greasecoming from the kitchen. The air had the savory scent of smoked bacon and eggs,which made their stomachs growl. They slowly walked to the kitchen and peered into see nothing but burnt eggs and bacon on the sizzling griddle. They looked tothe left and saw that the back door was open. Outside, the tracks of freshfootprints created a path in the snow that lead toward a white picket fence. Thegate to the fence swung back and forth in the cold sharp wind. Ahhh!!Help!! a sharp shrill came from behind the fence. The two ladies gave eachother a quick glance as the call for help rang out over and over . They both ranto the gate as the fresh snow flurried off from the soles of their boots. Twofeet past the gate they both tripped over a thin wire that was stretched outac ross the ground. They lifted their now cold and wet faces out of the snow, andsaw nothing but an empty yard. The women began to grow goose bumps all overtheir bodies and gave each other a nervous look. They stood up and wiped thesnow off their bodies. An angry growl grew louder and louder from behind themand now their goose bumps grew to little mole hills all over their bodies. Theyslowly turned around and they both became as white as the velvety snow thatsurrounded them. Their knees began to shake and their hearts started to beatfaster and faster until their heartbeats became one monotone sound. Their eyesopened widely and stared straight ahead as if they had seen a ghost. However, itwas no ghost they were looking at. Instead they were looking at a 12 year oldboy covered in snow and dirt. The fence had now been closed. A large evil grinwas stretched across the boys face and his jet black eyes glared at the twohelpless women. His arms were raised like a vampire before his transforma tioninto a bat. The women thought that the devil himself had possessed this boy. .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d , .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d .postImageUrl , .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d , .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d:hover , .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d:visited , .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d:active { border:0!important; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d:active , .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u45772632ca8b5750eac6351400f6a95d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea: Overview EssayThis thought was the last that ever entered their heads. The boy let out a sharpscream and pounced on the two women like a tiger who hadnt eaten for weeks. Their screams only lasted for a split second and then dead silence rang throughthe cold dry air. The young boy, now tired from digging, threw the limp bodiesin the shallow graves in the snow. He filled the momentarily empty graves withsnow and looked at the fresh mound of snow. He looked around and saw the sheetof white snow over the yard. Everything was flat except the fresh mounds of snowcovering the graves, but those too would become flat with new so like the othershad done before. The boy retraced his footsteps back to the house. He took thenow ashy eggs and bacon off the griddle, threw them in the garbage and placedfresh food on the now piping hot stove. He ate a hearty breakfast and savoredthe sweet taste of bacon and. He sat down by on the couch and turned on the tvwaiting for the next report of missing people to show up.

The Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy Essay Example

The Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy Paper In this lab, our task is to determine how different degrees of temperature affect reaction rates.  A Swedish chemist, named Svante Arrhenius discovered the relationship between temperature and reaction rate. In finding this relationship a new equation was formed called the Arrhenius Equation:  Reaction rate constant k = A e -Ea/RT  The factor A represents the frequency of collisions between two molecules in the proper orientation for reactions to occur. The value of A is determined by experiment and will be different for every reaction. The value of the exponential term e -Ea/RT describes the fraction of molecules with the minimum energy required to react, R is the gas constant, 8.314 J/mol-K, T is the temperature in Kelvin and Ea is the activation energy. Activation energy of a reaction is the minimum amount of energy needed to start the reactions. In order to understand and make use of this equation, we must include the Collision Theory. Collision Theory states that in order for a reaction to occur, two molecules must collide in the proper orientation and posses a minimum amount of energy to react. The Arrhenius equation accounts for all of the requirements of Collision Theory.  The Arrhenius equation can be rearranged and combined to determine the activation energy for a reaction based on how the rate constant changes with temperature: In this lab, we will be calculating the rate constants for each of the four temperatures. The four temperatures include: 23, 40, 50, and 60 degrees Celsius. After the rate constant is found for these temperatures, we will use the Arrhenius Equation to solve for Ea and A by an analytical approach. Additionally we will use a graphically approach to solve for these values. The value found for Ea analytically is 9.20 X 104 J/Mol and the value for Ea found graphically is 8.51 X 10 4 J/Mol. We will write a custom essay sample on The Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The difference between the two is 6873 J/Mol. The value of 9.20 X 104 J/Mol was found experimentally, while the value of 8.51 X 10 4 J/Mol was found by using experimental data to find the best-fit equation for the line. Because this was a best-fit equation done by a computer working with the experimental data a difference is expected. It should be noted that the difference of the two figures is relatively small. Conclusion: In this lab, we experimentally tested how reaction rates change with varying degrees of temperature. We tested this by measuring out specific volumes of reactants, when the final reactant was placed in the flask we started the stopwatch. We were able to time the reaction visually by the change in color, once the reactant color turned clear the reaction was over and the stopwatch was stopped. We did this four times with the variable being the temperature of the water baths that the flasks were in. The first run was done with no water bath, thus at room temperature of 23à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and the other three runs at 40, 50 and 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C. When we solved for Ea1 the value was 8.94 X102 KJ/Mol this represents the two lowest temperature and the value of Ea2 was 9.45 X 101 KJ/Mol for the two highest temperatures. Our data supports the idea that as temperature increases the rate increased, this was the true for all four runs. As with any experiment there is always a margin of error, in this case we were not working in a closed environment, and the fact that we took the flask out of the water baths before reading the final temperature occur twice which could possible provide an error. Prior to doing this lab, I have been told as well as have read that it is a clear understanding in the scientific world that a change of 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C will double the rate of a reaction. We tested this in this lab, and once again this understanding has been substantiated. This experiment emphasized that the Arrhenius equation is a proving powerful tool for predicting reaction rates over a wide range of temperatures. After a final analysis of our data, I feel confident that our experiment was a success. My understanding of this concept is more firmly in place than prior to this experiment. References: Moore, John W., et al. The Chemical World Concepts and Applications. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Company 1994. Silberberg, Martin S., 2000. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. Third Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher, 2000.

General Braxton Bragg in the Civil War

General Braxton Bragg in the Civil War Braxton Bragg - Early Life: Born March 22, 1817, Braxton Bragg was the son of a carpenter in Warrenton, NC. Educated locally, Bragg yearned to be accepted by the higher elements of antebellum society. Often rejected as a young man, he developed an abrasive personality that became one of his trademarks. Leaving North Carolina, Bragg enrolled at West Point. A gifted student, he graduated in 1837, ranked fifth in a class of fifty, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 3rd US Artillery. Sent south, he played an active role in the Second Seminole War (1835-1842) and later traveled to Texas following the American annexation. Braxton Bragg - Mexican-American War: With tensions heightening along the Texas-Mexico border, Bragg played a key role in the defense of Fort Texas (May 3-9, 1846). Effectively working his guns, Bragg was brevetted to captain for his performance. With the relief of the fort and the opening of the Mexican-American War, Bragg became part of Major General Zachary Taylors Army of Occupation. Promoted to captain in the regular army in June 1846, he took part in the victories at the Battles of Monterrey and Buena Vista, earning brevet promotions to major and lieutenant colonel. During the Buena Vista campaign, Bragg befriended the commander of the Mississippi Rifles, Colonel Jefferson Davis. Returning to frontier duty, Bragg earned a reputation as a strict disciplinarian and an obsessive follower of military procedure. This reputedly led to two attempts on his life by his men in 1847. In January 1856, Bragg resigned his commission and retired to the life of a sugar planter in Thibodaux, LA. Known for his military record, Bragg became active with the state militia with the rank of colonel. Braxton Bragg - Civil War: Following Louisianas secession from the Union on January 26, 1861, Bragg was promoted to major general in the militia and given command of forces around New Orleans. The following month, with the Civil War about to begin, he was transferred to the Confederate Army with the rank of brigadier general. Ordered to lead Southern troops around Pensacola, FL, he oversaw the Department of West Florida and was promoted to major general on September 12. The following spring, Bragg was directed to bring his men north to Corinth, MS to join General Albert Sidney Johnstons new Army of Mississippi. Leading a corps, Bragg took part in the Battle of Shiloh on April 6-7, 1862. In the fighting, Johnston was killed and command devolved to General P.G.T. Beauregard. After the defeat, Bragg was promoted to general and, on May 6, given command of the army. Shifting his base to Chattanooga, Bragg began planning a campaign into Kentucky with the goal of bringing the state into the Confederacy. Capturing Lexington and Frankfort, his forces began moving against Louisville. Learning of the approach of superior forces under Major General Don Carlos Buell, Braggs army fell back to Perryville. On October 8, the two armies fought to a draw at the Battle of Perryville. Though his men had gotten the better of the fighting, Braggs position was precarious and he elected to fall back through the Cumberland Gap into Tennessee. On November 20, Bragg renamed his force the Army of Tennessee. Assuming a position near Murfreesboro, he fought Major General William S. Rosecranss Army of the Cumberland on December 31, 1862-January 3, 1863. After two days of heavy fighting near Stones River, which saw Union troops repel two major Confederate attacks, Bragg disengaged and fell back to Tullahoma, TN. In the wake of the battle, several of his subordinates lobbied to have him replaced citing the failures at Perryville and Stones River. Unwilling to relieve his friend, Davis, now the Confederate president, instructed the General Joseph Johnston, commander of Confederate forces in the West, to relieve Bragg if he though it necessary. Visiting the army, Johnston found morale to be high and retained the unpopular commander. On June 24, 1863, Rosecrans initiated a brilliant campaign of maneuver which forced Bragg out of his position at Tullahoma. Falling back to Chattanooga, insubordination from his subordinates worsened and Bragg began to find orders being ignored. Crossing the Tennessee River, Rosecrans began pushing into northern Georgia. Reinforced by Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps, Bragg moved south to intercept the Union troops. Engaging Rosecrans at the Battle of Chickamauga on September 18-20, Bragg won a bloody victory and forced Rosecrans to retreat to Chattanooga. Following, Braggs army penned the Army of the Cumberland in the city and laid siege. While the victory allowed Bragg to transfer out many of his enemies, dissent continued to foment and Davis was forced to visit the army to assess the situation. Electing to side with his former comrade, he decided to leave Bragg in place and denounced those generals who opposed him. To save Rosecrans army, Major General Ulysse S. Grant was dispatched with reinforcements. Opening a supply line to the city, he prepared to attack Braggs lines atop heights that surrounded Chattanooga. With Union strength growing, Bragg elected to detach Longstreets corps to capture Knoxville. On November 23, Grant opened the Battle of Chattanooga. In the fighting, Union troops succeeded in driving Braggs men off of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. The Union attack on the latter shattered the Army of Tennessee and sent it retreating towards Dalton, GA. On December 2, 1863, Bragg resigned from command of the Army of Tennessee and traveled to Richmond the following February to serve as Davis military advisor. In this capacity he successfully worked to make the Confederacys conscription and logistical systems function more efficiently. Returned to the field, he was given command of the Department of North Carolina on November 27, 1864. Moving through several coastal commands, he was at Wilmington in January 1865, when Union forces won the Second Battle of Fort Fisher. During the fighting, he was unwilling to move his men from the city to aid the fort. With Confederate armies crumbling, he briefly served in Johnstons Army of Tennessee at the Battle of Bentonville and ultimately surrendered to Union forces near Durham Station. Braxton Bragg - Later Life: Returning to Louisiana, Bragg oversaw the New Orleans Waterworks and later became chief engineer for the state of Alabama. In this role he oversaw numerous harbor improvements at Mobile. Moving to Texas, Bragg worked as a railroad inspector until his sudden death on September 27, 1876. Though a brave officer, Braggs legacy was tarnished by his severe disposition, lack of imagination on the battlefield, and unwillingness to follow-up successful operations. Selected Sources Civil War: Braxton BraggCivil War Trust: General Braxton BraggGeneral Braxton Bragg

COMMUNICATING WITH AND LEADING PEOPLE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

COMMUNICATING WITH AND LEADING PEOPLE - Essay Example 5 Question 4 Evaluate how the existing processes & channels of communication might have affected team-working and the organisation’s performance and make recommendations for improvement. 6 Question 5 Justify how the implementation of your recommendations will benefit the organization & ensure greater integration of communication systems. 7 References 9 Question 1 What are the current issues and problems relating to Graham’s company and his teams? Write your analysis of the case study. Graham’s company currently faces a series of problems which seem to be related to the following fact: the lack of effective communication between employees at all organizational levels. More specifically, in Graham’s company conflicts have become a daily phenomenon in the workplace. At managerial level, the lack of awareness of employees’ needs have led to the development of ineffective strategies. Indeed, managers ignore the challenges that employees face and promote strategies that are quite difficult to be implemented. Graham has repeatedly tried to intervene and promote appropriate solutions but the elimination of conflicts in the workplace seems to be impossible. The expansion of conflicts across the company can be explained if taking into consideration the company’s development through the years. The company has faced a quite rapid growth. In its first form, the company had just four managers who were the company’s founding members. Through the years, the expansion of business activities led necessarily to the hiring of staff, including managers. The changes on the company’s culture have been inevitable. However, no plan was implemented for managing change and for securing effective communication in the workplace. The lack of such plan has resulted to the company’s current communication problems. The lack of respect and trust in the workplace has caused the further expansion of the company’s communication problem. The elimination of communication problems in Graham Company is primarily related to the willingness of managers and staff to collaborate so that team-working is promoted across the organization. Question 2 Do you agree with the strategies used by Impact Consulting? Justify your answer and make recommendations as what other strategies the company could use to promote team spirit to help motivate & provide support to the teams. In general, Impact Consulting has focused on the improvement of the leading skills of the firm’s managers. Indeed, at a first level a questionnaire has been used for identifying the managers’ thought on critical issues; in this way, the strengths and weaknesses of managers, as leaders, can be revealed. The response of the managers to the particular initiative has been positive setting the basis for the development of an effective communication plan between managers and employees at lower levels of the organizational hierarchy. In addition , a series of sessions has been arranged for helping managers to improve their strategic planning and collaboration skills. Particular emphasis has been given on the CEO’s training. Coaching sessions have been arranged for increasing the CEO’s skills in managing culture changes. This means that the consultants in Impact Consulting have understood the vital role of culture in the firm’s performance. However, the effective management of culture in each organization is not related only to the

Character Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Character Analysis Paper - Essay Example in Single 149). Williams suffers enormous guilt for surviving the familial worries that eventually devastated Rose. Similar to Menagerie’s Tom, Williams also pays remorse for his escape from his family (Single 149). This essay analyzes the character of the matriarch, Amanda Wingfield. Amanda is a selfish, hero mother, with romantic-pragmatic ideas and who created a dysfunctional family by treating her children like a glass menagerie through vanity, arrogance, and control over her family’s life. Amanda is a hopeless romantic. She has been hurt deeply when her husband left through an inconsiderate postcard, and yet she sees her former husband as the personification of romance, connecting him to her earlier life filled with gentleman callers and flirtations (Tischler and Bloom; King and Bloom 85). This is why even if her husband abandoned her, a large picture of him hung in the house. His presence might remind everyone else of his abandonment, but for Amanda, she continues to remember her sweet, youthful, and happy days through this image. Furthermore, she is also ready to leverage and defend her earlier life (Cobbe 50). It is a life of comfort and education she overemphasizes with her children. Whenever Amanda wants to talk about Blue Mountain, a discussion occurs between Tom and Laura: TOM: I know what's coming LAURA: Yes. But let her tell it. TOM: Again? LAURA: She loves to tell it. (Williams scene 1). Amanda enjoys reminiscing her past. It is both her curse and treasure. It is her curse, because she can never reclaim her youth and freedom. She just keeps on replaying it as a narrative, which wears her children out. Her past is, furthermore, her treasure, because her memories remind her and the people around her that she was once a well-coveted and important lady, where she would receive seventeen gentlemen callers in a day. When she is not working at Famous-Barr showing brassieres, she is active in selling subscriptions to a magazine that respond s to female visions of romance (Single 149). Tom uses particular images when describing his mother; one is related to Amanda's romanticized past, and the other is the image found in a glamour magazine cover, which is a superficial image masking their family's dysfunction (Single 149). Williams depicts Amanda as trapped in the past, but pragmatic about the present and the future. As the author describes Amanda, â€Å"She is not paranoiac, but her life is paranoia† (Tischler and Bloom). Amanda is possessed with girlish manners, but she has a pragmatic view of her children’s future. She refuses to know it, but she knows Laura will never marry. She then tries to put Laura in the business world and enrolls her in a school for typing lessons. Unfortunately, Laura is too shy to finish the typing test. Amanda then rallies for the courageous, but bleak, attempt to find a gentleman for Laura. When this fails too, it is a more tragic event for Amanda than Laura. It seems that she has somehow transfixed her dreams of a good life on her daughter. Laura deals with Jim’s rejection quite maturely, which underlines who is more mature in the family. It is not Tom or Amanda, but the one who is considered the most delicate and helpless, Laura. Amanda also pressures her son to work hard for the family. In a quarrel with Tom, she scolds him: â€Å"

Coopers Creek Wine Management Essay Example for Free

Coopers Creek Wine Management Essay 1.0 Introduction Coopers Creek, established in 1982, became one of New Zealand’s more successful medium-sized wineries by following a strategy of resource leveraging via networks of co-operative relationships with other New Zealand winemakers in the domestic and export markets. This strategy allowed Andrew Hendry, the managing director, to consciously manage the growth of the company to retain the benefits of small size. However, with increasing globalisation of the wine industry, the changing nature of export markets, the early maturity of the New Zealand industry and the constrained supply facing New Zealand wine makers, Andrew Hendry was faced with the decision of how to position a smaller company for the future. He had to decide whether the network-based strategies that served the company so well continued to be appropriate under conditions of industry concentration, increasing competition and emerging globalisation. (Robbins S, 2006) 1.1 The NZ wine industry When Andrew Hendry established Coopers Creek, the New Zealand environment was highly regulated. By 1984, the New Zealand government had initiated a programme of deregulation, which included devaluation of the New Zealand currency, exchange rate flotation and general anti-inflationary measures. (Porter M, 2001) The opening of New Zealand’s domestic market meant that businesses had to improve their efficiency substantially over a short period. The agricultural sector sought out new markets, to replace the loss of their traditional dependence on the UK market with its increasing commitment to its European trading partners, and new products, reflecting a growing awareness that much of New Zealand’s exports were of a commodity nature. This period saw growing exports to Australia, the United States, Japan and the rest of Asia and exports of predominantly sheep meat and dairy produce being accompanied by more fresh fruit, venison and wine. A further response to fiercer competi tion at home and in overseas markets was an increasingly strong focus on quality, a case in point being the New Zealand wine industry. The New Zealand wine industry accepted the consequences of the liberalisation  of the domestic economy and recognised the need to understand how on-going changes in the international economic environment affected its prosperity and how to plan accordingly. Building from a low international base in the 1980s ($4.5 million in exports in 1987), New Zealand wine exports achieved phenomenal growth and accounted for $168 million in 2007, comfortably exceeding the $100 million by 2007 target set in 1999. The UK market was the most important export market for the industry in 2007, and at $84 million it accounted for around 50.22 per cent of total exports by value and 54.28 per cent by volume. Europe accounted for 66 per cent of exports with 85 per cent of that going to the UK. Four large firms, namely Corbans, Montana, Nobilo and Villa Maria, dominated the wine industry in New Zealand in 1999. The following year, Montana purchased Corbans and Nobilo was bought by BRL/Hardy of Australia. Between them, these large firms accounted for around 80 per cent of all exports in 2007, with another 17 medium-sized companies, of which Coopers Creek was one, handling 16 per cent in combination. For the most part, industry participants exported between 30 and 35 per cent of their production, but a few producers had much higher export intensity. (Wheelen, 2006) 2.0 Key Issues The key issues are: (Study Guide, 2008) (1)Despite entering early maturity, coopers creek remained constrained by issues of supply. (2)The cost of new land for grape planting was rising and more previously marginal land became economic to grow on, the problem was still one of access to capital for these resources. (3)A possible over supply of grapes in New Zealand, which could lead to heavy discounting. (4) A contraction in ownership within distribution companies in New Zealand and in USA, which could lead to certain markets being effectively closed to coopers creek. (5)Protection of strategically important grape supplies so the can insure they still get a proportion of the very highest quality grapes. 3.0 Planning 3.1 Life Cycle From a demand perspective, the worldwide wine consumption has stagnated. According to the Wine Institute, there is only a 2.04% growth in wine consumption from 1997 to 2001. In fact, worldwide consumption dropped from 227,875 hectoliters to 226,646 between 1999 and 2000. Generally there is a drop in consumption from the traditional wine drinking countries like France and East European countries, whilst demand has growth significantly from China. (Grant R, 2005) The production of wine has shifted from the traditional vineyards in France to the rest of the world. There are New-World Wines from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. These wines are generally thought to be of moderate to high quality and are essentially challenging the traditional wine producers on the quality front. Furthermore, there are wines coming out from China and India. Because of the lower wages in these countries, wines can now be produced at a fraction of the costs of the French vineyards. Price has now become a big challenge that the traditional wineries have to face. Some authors even suggest that the Old-World producing countries like France has followed growth decline and now has entered a second life phase. While the New-world countries are in an emerging or growth phase As the industry moves towards maturity phase of its life cycle, the pace of consolidation will increase. (Times of India,2007) 3.2 PESTEL Analysis The following is a review of the major environmental factors, which will impact the industry to a large extent. A closer examination of the more important factors amongst them will allow for a tighter integration between the external environmental factors and the corporate strategy chosen for Coopers. Political factors Government regulation has always played a major role in the WI. There are increasing concerns that there will be new barriers and trade impediments to trade in the WI. One such example is the trade disagreement between US and European Union in the level of farm subsidies that the US alleged that the EU farmers receive. The same allegations may also be similarly levied on the European vineyards. In the Wine Institute report on International Trade Barriers to U.S. Wine 2006, European wine producers were noted to have received certain subsidies . Tariffs also have been the most important barrier to the international wine trade. Some governments impose unusually high tariffs on wine imports. Recent announcement in the media like India opening its market and slashing duties on imported wine and spirits bring good news to the industry, as this will allow them to enter this lucrative untapped market. Though due to WTO pressure the tariff has been reducing, which has lead to major wine producing countries imposing various non-tariff trade barriers. One such non-tariff trade barriers are research fundings made available by local governments to improve the overall harvest yields and quality of the countrys grapes . Economical factors The rising number of middle class worldwide has led to an increasing appreciation of wine and demand for wine. In developing economies of China and India, this class of consumer is expected to increase significantly over the next decade. With the continued increase of economic growth rates for both countries, these consumers can now afford to consume wine is expected to grow significantly as well . The effect of currency fluctuations on the WI will continue to play an integral part in influencing the WI. The proportion of wine being exported outside the wine producing country has increased. Even in a traditionally large wine consuming market, the proportion of wine, which ends up in foreign land, has been increasing. The continuing trend of exporting to new markets such as India and China is going to increase as wine producers cope with the declining wine demand in traditional home markets As a result, the wine producers exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates will increa se further. Socio-cultural factors The increased spending power, sophistication of the middle class in many countries with increased tendency of copying the west has helped to increase the demand for wine consumption. This growing group of earners from various countries is often well traveled highly educated consumers with needs and wants for the better things in life. The number of middle class across Asia is expected to grow by 1 billion in the next 8 years . With the shift in demographics in the developing countries, there will be more wine drinkers in the future. Increasingly, there are also more scientific evidences that there are health benefits to be derived from moderate drinking of wine especially red wine. As a result, there is an increasing acceptance of the beverage as health-product leading to a healthy heart. Technological factors Innovation and technological factors continue to drive improvement in production yields and better storage of wine. The Australian WI today has transformed itself from a small cottage industry to one of the largest exporter of wines internationally, even to the extent of eclipsing some of the older Old-World countries. The great leap forward for Australia can be attributed to the Australian wine producers clustering to innovate and improve existing processes. (Read C, 2006) The growth of e-commerce infrastructure and the increasing acceptance of buying things online have led to new opportunities for wine connoisseurs and wine producers alike. With this new technology, niche wine growers are able to reach out to the individual wine consumers without being drowned out by the marketing noise generated by the large wine producers. The ability to ship small quantities directly to individual wine drinkers without passing through layers of middlemen may mean that small niche growers may be able to find their position in a market dominated by large brand names . Environmental factors Within the Food and Beverage (FB) industry, the WI is markedly different from the other products due to the fact that FB products are limited by market, while the WI is limited by resource (land and grapes). Reason being wine is grown in moderate climates and on certain types of soil. Sudden climatic changes may adversely affect production yields or may even destroy crops all together. The significant changes expected in the environment from global warming, rising sea levels, rising carbon emissions and increasing acidity in the waters will all add to contribute to the adverse conditions for which growers will find themselves in. These conditions together with a scarcity of good arable land may act to constrain or even reduce the industrys supply. On the positive side, in one of the rare articles published in Newsweek on the positive effects of global warming, the author highlights that fast melting of Artic glaciers and increase in global temperatures may lead to opening of new vine yards in many parts of the world with weather conditions similar to the Frances Champagne region. Legal factors External environmental legal factors have acted in line with other environmental factors changes. For example, the advent of the Internet e-commerce has resulted in changes in legislation for wine sales, which crosses state lines in the United States . In addition, the origin of the grapes used to make wines also became a contentious issue for many wine-producing countries. The origin of these grapes and the proportion of local grapes used became an issue for branding and labeling of wines; as governed by new local legislation controlling wine labeling. 4.0 Organising 4.1 Porters 5 forces analysis We have analyzed Coopers internal environmental factors using Porters Five Forces analysis. Being in a specialized industry, it is not easy for another player to just come in wanting a portion of the pie. The WI requires specialized skill sets, special knowledge and extensive experience to stay competitive. It also needs very high investment especially for equipments used for processing of wine. This indirectly induces high entry cost which  is work as a barrier of for new entrants. There is also the expected retaliation faced by new entrants from existing players. Coopers together with other existing players may collaborate to deter competitors from coming in. For example, Coopers may start dropping its price and the other existing players may follow suit leading to a price war. On the whole, the force of threat of entry is low here. 4.2 Threat of Substitutes This industry faces stiff competition from not only other wineries but also from other alcoholic drinks such as beer, spirit and pre-blended mixed drinks and carbonated drinks. Product-for-product substitution is also possible should customers of Coopers decide to try out other brands/types of wine. For the health conscious, bottled water, energy drinks and natural fruit juices also provide competition. Possibility of generic substitution is also there where as customers may prefer to spend on purchasing cigarettes rather than drinking wine. Thus, there is a high force of threat of substitutes in this industry. 4.3 Threat of entry Competitive rivalry among existing firms is evident in this industry. Larger companies are acquiring smaller wine producers to monopolize the market resulting in dynamic competition amongst these companies. As the WI is at its mature stage, companies start to take market share from competitors to survive. As there are too many wine producers, adding on to the high power of buyers, companies may decide to go for price wars due to high fixed costs to gain market share. This industry has high entry and exit barriers due to the extensive capital investment and knowledge skill set needed. In addition one must have sustainable resource, as it takes several years for wine to mature. This means that industry players do not have many choices. Again this induces competition amongst them and price wars and low margins situations are likely to happen. Based on the information above, the groups came to the conclusion that the industry is Medium Attractive. 5.0 Directing 5.1 Porters Generic Competitive Strategies Using Porter generic competitive strategies, we find that Coopers has the ability to outperform its competitors by adopting a strategy of Focus Differentiation. Porter proposed that a firms competitive advantage in an industry is determined by its competitive scope – i.e., the breadth of companys target market coupled with companys unique resource (product range, distribution channels, target market etc.), For Coopers the scope of the target market is narrow. It is mainly targeting niche markets for premium wines in the wine drinking markets of Europe, US, Australia, Japan and a few emerging Far Eastern Asian markets. When targeting niche markets, the company either can go for Cost Focus or Differentiation Focus. Coopers should not be following the Cost focus strategy as NZWI compete in the high quality premium category wines. Reduction of overall cost is achievable only to a certain extent, as this industry is highly capital intensive with many inherent costs along the supply chain. Instead Coopers should concentrate either on particular market segment, or product line segment or geographic market with high growth potential or all three. By following a differentiation strategy Coopers would be able to better focus its resources capabilities to the serve the special needs of a narrow strategic target more effectively than its competitors. 5.2 Bowmans strategic clock Using Bowmans competitive strategy clock† too, Coopers falls under category 5, Focused Differentiation. This strategy is similar to the Porters generic model, which tries to provide high-perceived product benefits justifying a substantial price premium usually to a selected niche market segment. Coopers can use this strategy in new markets, by targeting sales into the same niches in more countries. While in established markets Coopers could even adopt Category 4 Differentiation –with price premium by offering better wine at the same price or by pricing it slightly higher than competitive brands in the same price bracket, to take advantage of the fact that fine quality wine will always demand a premium and at the same  promote it as premium category. (Meredith R, 2007) Cost Leadership may not be sustained for Coopers because of some of the following reason: Competitors can imitate – differentiation may not be sustainable it can easily replicated by competitors like South African or South American wine producers Bases of differentiation become less important to buyers Competing on just quality to demand high price may not be enough. For example in price conscious markets like UK, Holland and Germany, wines from South American and South were seen as better value than NZ wine Target segment can become structurally unattractive: Structure erodes This could happen for Coopers target market in US, restaurants and boutique retailers. They may form a group for centrally sourcing activities to drive down costs, somewhat similar to what happened with Tesco Supermarket Chain (UK). (Aylward, 2006) Demand disappears – there may be new research findings in future that may lead to lower consumption of wine. Or even they may be new legislation banning consumption of alcohol products in public places similar to that of smoking, which may lead to total disappearance of a target segment. From the evaluation of Coopers core competencies, the followings were recognized. Coopers is a typical entrepreneurial venture in that the founding entrepreneur, Andrew, had driven its development and growth. A critical factor of success of Coopers is Andrews ability to build relationships, within the context of an innovative and flexible approach, in order to leverage critical resources to pursue growth. Coopers strategy was based on having a carefully controlled but finite quantity of wine to sell every year. With Andrews commitment to quality, it has earned itself a relatively good reputation in the industry. From the evaluation of the KSF of the WI, the followings were recognized. Historically, the NZWI had focused on the production of premium wines, given its constrained supply, small scale, high cost structures and distinctive ‘clean and green growing conditions. Availability of consistent high quality products that has strong brand value and recognition are highly sought after and considered KSFs. 6.0 Monitoring 6.1 Wineries Both management employees of wineries play a key role and yield great power in terms of the quantity type of wine to be produced. Great deal of collaboration exists between the local wineries to share knowledge costs. 6.2 Grape growers Being key players, they control the quality and quantity of grapes grown. Many of the wineries are backward integrated by owning lands or having long-term contracts with individual producers. Power of suppliers is low. 6.3 Industry Associations Wine Organizations in NZ like Wine Institute, former Wine Guild with backing of the NZ government are very powerful. All Wineries have to take up compulsory memberships and contribute towards funding running of the organizations. These key roles of these organizations are promoting NZ wine in international markets, lobbying with foreign governments to open new markets, lowering of trade restrictions and tariffs etc. They also initiate research programmes and training for the entire industry, funded by the wineries. (Zalan T, 2005) 6.4 Consumers The final end user, this group needs to be well informed kept satisfied by providing high quality premium products with consistent quality and availability at affordable prices. Power high. 6.5 NZ Government NZ government is a key player with considerable power who has played a  pivotal role in the development of the NZWI. The government has been implementing new legislations in consultation with NZWI to meet the current market requirements. Some examples would include changes in government policy in the 1980s making it favorable for local manufacturers to export to foreign markets . (Harvard University, 2007) 6.6 Distributors, Retailers, Buyers Buyers like Supermarkets are powerful players who dictate the price type of wine stocked on shelves. WI is a buyer driven industry, where buyers hold a lot of power. 6.7 Domestic and Foreign investors This group needs the minimal amount of effort. They are satisfied as long as they get a good return on their investments. 7.0 Critical Analysis 7.1 Competitor Analysis The world WI is currently experiencing a situation of over-production. In the EU alone, it was reported by Food Drink.com that there is a surplus o f 1.5bn litres of wine, enough for every European Union citizen to take roughly four free bottles each. Millions of Euros have been spent to turn these excess wines into industrial alcohol. (All Things, 2006) The WI is a highly fragmented, with over a million wine companies around the globe. None of the firms control more than 1% of the retail sales, with top 10 players controlling 11% of the global market share (based on volume) . These industry competitors come from different wine growing countries and continents. This is especially true for Old-World Countries in Europe (France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Germany) accounts for 60% of the world wine production and 80% of world trade . In contrast, the New-World Producers (Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Chile, USA, New Zealand) wines are more consolidated. On average these countries appear to be more structurally attractive compared to Old-World Countries. Moreover, in the last decade the industry structure has been undergoing dramatic change. There is a growing trend of consolidation. Cash flow rich alcoholic beverage  companies are investing in the WI as their own markets of beer and spirits are maturing. 7.2 Stakeholder analysis The WI being a competitive industry has a varied, vibrant and balanced group of stakeholders, with frequent and varied channels of communication. All the forces involved try to build consensus within which the primary decisions in the industry are made. 7.3 Life-Cycle Analysis We have identified Coopers to be in the phase of Mature stage in the life-cycle model. In view of its competitive conditions, we also identify there may be many competitors which are likely to resort to price-cutting strategy for volume. Therefore one of Coopers directive is to differentiate its product portfolio through leveraging on its enhance brand equity to promote customers retention and loyalty within its existing customer-based and new customer groups whilst consistently driving cost efficiency through economies of scales and innovative efficient ways of bringing cost down. (Pape E, 2007) 7.4 Positioning analysis Coopers currently enjoy relatively good brand equity amongst its market segment. To infuse the same branding principle across distinctive first label allows them to capitalize on its already successful branding strategy, further maximizing the returns of their marketing investment especially for the second label. 7.5 Value chain analysis Through new ways of doing things such as possible bottling in import markets to reduce shipping costs, backward integration either through ownership or long term leasing with good quality of vineyards across NZ and beyond, could potentially reduce their overall cost per unit yet enabling them to utilize cost advantage strategy to expand the perceived value for the brand. 7.6 Business profile analysis This growth strategy do not require a complete reinvention of wheels, it  capitalizes on the existing goals and values of the group, its resources and capabilities, its structure and management systems and its industry environment to further produce enhanced features and products thus major increase in expenditures is not expected, instead an increase in financial perform is forecasted due to the additional opportunities from new market penetration. (Heijbroeck, 2003) 8.0 Recommendations: 1.The expansion of the cooper’s creek network of export markets and the development of second labels. These second label wines could generally be sold at lower prices thus protecting the price status of the Coopers Creek labels but gaining extra sales volume for the company. In most cases the second labels will sell through different distributors. 2.The above strategy will also help with over reliance on a few key distributors. In the case of the rapidly growing US market, coopers creeks have not appointed one exclusive national importer. Instead they will sell to some 20 independent importer/distributors in different states either by direct shipment from the winery or out of a warehouse in California. This will ensure the company doesn’t become a victim of the rationalisation of a large importers or distributors catalogue of wines carried. (Kogut B, 2006) 3.The steady acquisition of control of the vineyards producing their best grapes. That has taken the form of either complete acquisition by purchase, long term leases or the establishment of joint ventures with the vineyards under cooper creek’s management and tied up under long term supply contracts. In the last two years they have purchased three vineyards, leased one and entered one joint venture with an existing contract grape grower. They are currently looking at two further existing vineyards with a view to purchase or lease. 4.Continue to produce consistently high-quality products. 5. Maintain and increase its brand equity and recognition as a premium wine producer. 6.Establish international supply management to facilitate its global market operations. 7.Maintain or improve its already good relationships with stakeholders. 8. Ensure there is cost efficiency in its operations so as to maximise profit with minimum cost. 9.Last but not least, continue innovating in terms of its product and marketing. †¢Current  turnover is NZ$5.5M †¢Current production is at 1100tonnes per year (approx 85,000 cases) and aiming to be 1800tonnes by 2008 †¢They should purchase more of their own vineyards in the Hawkes Bay region in the last few years which would prove beneficial to them. †¢They should increase production of Pinot Noir which is one of their best vineyards by 400% and this will become a feature varietals alongside Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay for the future †¢All wine is made on site at their Auckland vineyard. On site facilities include Cellar door tasting room and retail shop, Plant buildings (tanks) and bottling line, warehouse and barrel store, landscaped gardens with picnic areas and children’s playground. (Johnson, 2005) A cellar/courtyard wine bar will open for lunches and private group bookings late 2003. Plans have been drawn up for a cafà ©/function centre but as yet no time frame as to when maybe initiated, which should be implemented soon. (Nielson A, 2006) 9.0 Conclusion It can be concluded, the NZWI is still considered to be at an early maturity phase of its lifecycle, as evidenced by a small number of takeovers and increasing concentration. As the industry matures, there is a need for NZ wine producers to retain focus on quality, differentiated products, while holding their premium price position. In addition, they need to play to their strengths in white wines and introduce more red wines into their portfolio. (Ghoshal S, 2007) As a company, Coopers needs to realize the trend toward deteriorating industry profitability is a constant threat in mature industries. As rivalry encourages overinvestment in capacity, international competition increases, and as differentiation is undermined by commoditization, attaining a competitive advantage becomes essential to achieving positive economic profits. Cost is the overwhelmingly important key success factor in most mature industries and three cost drivers tend to be especially important: Economies of scale, low-cost inputs and low overheads. Cost efficiency in mature industries is rarely a basis for sustainable  competitive advantage; it is typically a requirement for survival. Deteriorating performance among mature companies typically triggers the adoption of turnaround strategies, of which the company must choose the most suitable one for its profile. Coopers have so far maneuvered its way past the many problems that plague other producers. However, more emphasis might be needed in terms of differentiating itself from the other NZ brands. It would have to build on its brand equity, and continue to leverage on Andrews contact network. Most importantly, the establishment of a succession-planning project would also has to be included in future strategic plans so that the company will continue to prosper should Andrew decide to depart or retire. (Robbins S, 2006) 10.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. (Johnson, 2005) Johnson, Scholes Whittington , Exploring Corporate Strategy, Prentice Hall, 2005 2. (Porter M, 2001) Porter Michael E., The Competitive Advantages of Nations, The Macmillan Press Ltd., 2001 3. (Wheelen, 2006) Wheelen, Thomas L. and Hunger, David J., Strategic Management and Business Policy, Prentice Hall, 2006 4. (Grant R, 2005) Grant, Robert M., Contemporary Strategy Analysis, Blackwell Publishing, 2005 5. (Read C, 2006) Read, Charlotte, Stakeholder Consensus Marketing. An explanatory national competitivess model for the New Zealand Wine Industry, September 2, 2006 6. (All Things, 2006) All Things Considered. Washington D.C., Global Warming Endangers California Wine Industry, December 5, 2006 7. (Times of India,2007) India plans duty cuts on wine, spirits, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India_Business/India_plans_duty_cuts_on_wine_spirits/articleshow/1897262.cms, April 12 2007 8. (Pape E, 2007) Pape E., Bordeaux Meets Beijing; Chinas eager oenophiles are reviving the flagging French Wine Industry, Newsweek, April 16, 2007 9. (Meredith R, 2007) Meredith, R. and Hoppough, S., Why Globalization Is Good, Forbes, New York, April 16, 2007 10. (Aylward, 2006) Aylward, D. K. and Glynn, J., SME Innovation within the Australian Wine Industry: A Cluster Analysis, 2006 11. (Smith J, 2006) Smith, J.M, The e-Commerce Pendulum, Brandweek, September 18, 2006 12. (Pape, 2007) Pape, Eric Vineyards on the move Newsweek, April 2007 13. (Nielson A, 2006) Nielson, A., Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol.29, Iss 2, Spring 2006 14. (Asimov E, 2005) Asimov, E., New York Times. (Late Edition (East Coast). New York, N.Y., August 31, 2005 15. (Zalan T, 2005) Zalan, T., Global, Local or Semi-Global? The Case of the Wine Industry, Australian Centre for International Business, Working Paper, No. 6, August 2005 16. (Heijbroeck, 2003) Heijbroeck, Arend M.A., Consequences of the globalization in the wine industry, Report made by Rabobank International, Symposium International, October 8 2003 17. (Ghoshal S, 2007) Ghoshal, S, Global strategy: An organizing framework. Strategic, Management Journal 8, 2007 18. (Kogut B, 2006) Kogut, B., Designing global strategies: Comparative and competitive value-added Chains, Sloan Management Review (Summer), 2006 19. (Porter M, 2004) Porter, M. E.,Clusters and the new economics of competition, Harvard Business Review, November-December 2004 20. (Harvard University, 2007) How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Review, March-April 2007 22. (Slater S, 2002) Slater S. Malcolm, Michael Porter. Notes on Diversification As a Strategy. Harvard School Publishing, 2002 23. (Slater F, 2002) Slater F. Stanley, Olson. Eric, A Fresh Look at Industry and Market Analysis, Business Horizons. Kelly School of Publishing, January-February 2002. 24. (New Zealand Growers, 2006) New Zealand Wine Growers Research Committee, Research Development Strategic Plan, December 2006 25. (Robinson J, 2008) Robinson, Jancis, The Fast-Changing World Of Wine, http://www.sifst.org.sg/pdf/article-thefastchanging.htm. 26. (Robbins S, 2006) Robbins S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. Coulter, M. @006, Management, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, Sydney. 27. (Study Guide, 2008) Foundations od Management Study Guide 2008, Southern Cross University.

Music in the Information Age :: mp3 digital music

The idea that music is information tends to turn people's heads. The art of information stands as the largest growing field in both business and society. How does the age-old art of music fit into this category? Can music even be considered information? The rising popularity of mp3's proves that people value music as a source of information. Hundreds of groups are advertising their band on the web at mp3.com, from popular music groups to those struggling to make a name in society. The web sites serve as a vehicle for bands to display their message to the public in an uncensored atmosphere. This atmosphere cannot be presented solely through record labels because the labels monitor what the public sees. Music speaks to the public through its words and sound. Musicians use the web as a source to present the information their music holds. Music as a form of information implies that music has the ability to influence those people who listen. The record label gives the public a chance to purchase compact discs and tapes, to attend music concerts and to acquire paraphernalia to support the band. However, record labels restrict a band's ability to present a true, unveiled, and strong message. The labels keep a music group in a position where the group will attract the highest number of "customers" or "followers." As a result, the web opens a field of free advertising for these label connected groups. One of the biggest users of the web is Public Enemy, an old rap group who holds strong views. Their web site draws attention to different issues of politics and racial equality, issues that would be difficult to present with a record label dictating the ultimate end product for a band. Public Enemy, themselves, states on their site (www.public-enemy.com) that their next tour is "More than a tour, this is a campaign." The acce ss to a huge source of information, the internet, allows the group to present true reasons for their performances. These reasons can get lost in the process of marketing, but Public Enemy grasps onto the meaning of their music, to address political issues that surround society. Their ability to advertise would seriously decrease without the use of the web. It remains the strongest and quickest vehicle for bands to release the image desired by their music to the greatest number of people. As a result of the freedom of music and its message, the road of communication widens.

Internet Marketing: A blessing or a curse Essay

Internet marketing is a phenomenon that was introduced recently due to the sudden boom in the usage of internet. People have not only become used to the internet and its ease, in fact, they have become so reliant and dependant on it that it can qualify as an addiction these days. Now, life without internet has become unimaginable for all age groups and backgrounds (Benkler, 2006). This is something that marketers capitalized on. Marketers aim to reach their consumers and catch their attention in whatever way possible through whatever medium that is the most effective and efficient. Every target market/segment uses internet; that is, the entire customer base is available to the marketer online; thus, using the internet as a platform to promote their product is nothing but a wise idea. Marketers had flooded the television, thinking that customers are now more easily available on the TV compared to newspapers and posters. As strange as it may sound, gradually, the amount of people of ages 18 – 26 watching TV has reduced (Ginster, 2005). Viewing of TV shows, movies and programs are easier online on either the home website or Youtube because of the ease of timing and general conveniences. Thus, at the end of the day, it is all about internet marketing if a marketer wants the product to succeed (Malan, 2006). The reason for this is that there is a product purchase journey which has steps such as familiarization and awareness as the first ones – the internet is used as a medium to instil the familiarity and position the product in the appropriate manners in the heads of the potential customers. (Mangold & Faulds) Internet marketing’s basic tools are emails, websites, advertisements on various websites, youtube, social media like Facebook and Twitter. However, it is not limited to these tools – when an online record of all the customers is kept to provide them with better customized and personalized service, this is called an Electronic Customer Relationship Management Database. This has become more and more critical today because of the increasingly sharper customers each day who need to be provided with value and will not settle for something that does not meet the expectations and the promise made by the companies. Blessings  Internet marketing has helped companies cut down on their advertising budgets and save up a lot of finances that were earlier utilized for heavy marketing all over the cities and countries. However, in the case of internet marketing, every customer, no matter which corner of the world they are physically present at can access the same advertisement and look at the brochures etc. The geographical advantage helps the marketers a lot, but not just them (Bove, 2000). The customers are also at an advantage because they can look at the product, research on it and purchase it according to their convenience. This also increases the purchasing frequency of the customers along with the speed of transaction, creating an advantage for the company (Story, 2008) Another advantage is that the marketers do not need to worry about keeping a track or record of all the transactions. There is an automatic electronic record generated as and when activity takes place. There are several methods of doing that – per click, per purchase, per action etc. This way, the statistics can help the marketers figure out what is more popular amongst the customers. In a way, via internet marketing, the marketer can receive feedback about the campaign instantly and make amendments and more appealing (Czepiel, 1990) Tools like Facebook, Twitters, Linkedin are used so much by almost everybody that even if the marketer gives one single ad to be placed right next to a Facebook page, a huge difference can be made. Curse In a way, internet marketing creates a barrier between those users who have a fast internet connection and those who own a slower one. These advertisements sometimes have pictures and videos which are heavy to download and cannot be accessed with a low quality internet connection. In some areas, the internet is always low – thus, this in a way limits the customer market and the number of people they can target. (Anonymous, 2008) The establishment and installation of internet marketing as a system in the organization needs a few initial costs which are pretty huge. These include higher technology equipments and programs that help design internet advertisements (Kotler & Armstrong, 1996). For customers, sometimes it is a turn off because buying a product without holding it is a little more of a gamble than usual. The sense of touch, sight, smell and taste in some cases is very important for the customer to be able to judge how well the product fits into his/her requirements (Strativity Group, Inc. , 2009). Very importantly, sometimes, the internet becomes so messy and cluttered with ads and information and the advertisement put by the marketer does not remain visible, evident and unique anymore. It becomes part of that clutter and eventually feels annoying and unappealing to the eyes. Keeping everything aside, the biggest curse of internet marketing is the security concern. Information provided by both the marketers and the customers is confidential for them and they do not want it to be disclosed it to anybody (Bitner, 1995); however, when it comes to the internet, nothing is guaranteed – hacking is extremely common. Also, online purchases that charge the money on the credit card before the delivery of the item have no guarantee. There is also no guarantee of the security of the credit card number added to the website for payment (Gentle, 2009) Conclusion My personal opinion is that internet marketing has been a blessing and not a curse for all of us. The reason for this is that as customers, it has helped us mature because of being right there in front of us all the time. Our awareness levels have increased and our understanding of a product and its analysis is just a click away. Everything has become so convenient and quick. It has helped us gain more perspective because information is only a second away. There are issues as well but everything has issues; if the usage is done properly and if a structure which does not have all of the above mentioned issues is developed, then internet marketing can be a complete blessing for all.

Critical Thinking And Critical Writing Essay - 1759 Words

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